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I need one that is capable of working inthe frequency range of 1MHz to 50MHz. This will generate a sequence with a well defined sign of the phase shift: 00,01,11,10,00 . It is implemented with two D flip-flops with the inverted signal connected to the input (also called a T flip flop). However, at low frequencies it works quite well, can be made cheaply, and is suitable both for LO splitting and data combining for image reject/single sideband use. So if you only need 30% bandwidth or so, and can sacrifice the space, this is a fine choice for communication applications. Any of these techniques might be the correct one for your application, it just depends on whether you are building a demonstration system in your lab, designing a communications chip for a cell phone, or trying to make a radar scanner. The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a variation of BPSK, and it is also a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) modulation scheme, which sends two bits of digital information at a time, called as bigits. The present invention also features decreasing the bulk of a phase shifter with respect to conventional distributed solutions. Following is the diagram for the same. The post-layout simulations will be presented next. This 1 is rotated around. The QPSK waveform for two-bits input is as follows, which shows the modulated result for different instances of binary inputs. This is one of the most difficult concepts to grasp in RF, microwaves, and optics. Peak Output Current (No Filtering) 0° phase shift ±2.4 mA 45° phase shift ±3.1 mA Input P1dB Ref = 50 Ω 14.8 dBm Ref = 1 V rms 1.85 dBV Third-Order Intermodulation (IM3) f RF1 = 5.010 MHz, f RF2 = 5.015 MHz, f LO = 5.023 MHz Equal Input Levels Baseband tones: 0 dBm @ 8 kHz and 13 kHz −60 dBc The input is cos(ωt+ϕ). It occupies an area of only 0.0174 mm 2, due to inductor-less design of IQ network generator. Quadrature Phase Shifter using switched-lines • The quadrature Phase Shifter can be used to provide any desired phase shift. START TYPING AND PRESS ENTER TO SEARCH FOR MARKI PRODUCTS. The 3dB hybrid coupler divides the RF signal into two quadrature components which are then biased in proportion to the sine and cosine of the desired phase shift. An RC-CR lter is a popular method of performing the phase shift over a … In ASK, for example, the carrier amplitude is either amplitude option A (representing a 1) or amplitude option B (representing a 0). The circuit provides phase delay (within ) and unity gain (within 6%) in the frequency range 100 Hz to 10 kHz.It consists of a second-order lowpass current-controlled filter; the cutoff frequency is mantained equal to the input frequency with a frequency to current converter. This letter presents an improvement of the T-type high-pass network inside the phase shifter of a broadband 90 degrees or quadrature power splitter (QPS). Lange couplers solve this problem by using wire bonds or air bridges to connect different fingers of an interdigitated coupling structure, as shown below. … In upcoming posts we will discuss applications of image reject and single sideband mixers as well. The QPSK Demodulator uses two product demodulator circuits with local oscillator, two band pass filters, two integrator circuits, and a 2-bit parallel to serial converter. The PSKQ signal is anyhow phase shifted by 90° before being modulated. These signals after processing, are passed to the parallel to serial converter. Simultaneously, more systems are designed where both I and Q signals are being directly converted to digital signals, and then a quadrature phase shift is applied digitally. An accurate calibration of the phase shifter is provided. Exact values are from the CAD or schematics … It is the first solid-state device suitable for beamformer circuits, such as those used in high performance medical ultrasound equipment featuring CW Doppler. I don’t know of anyone that actually does this in a module format. Shifter A: vout/vin Shifter B: vmore/vout Intuitively, the phase shifter uses a ﬁrst-order low-pass ﬁlter to create a phase shift and negative feedback to compensate for non-unity gain. It is perfect for CMOS applications because it uses lumped elements, differential inputs, and small areas, all of which are suitable for CMOS but not higher frequency analog applications. The The present invention more specifically aims at forming a phase quadrature phase shifter by using a thin layer technology of the type used in integrated circuit manufacturing. Phase Shifter Fundamentals A typical phase shifter architecture using a quadrature coupler (90-degree hybrid) is shown in Figure 1. As all the FFs are clocked simultaneously, this is type of counter has higher frequency response compared to a ripple counter consisting of 2 FFs. SiteÂ MapÂ |Â PrivacyÂ PolicyÂ | Copyright Â© 2018-2020 MarkiÂ Microwave,Â Inc.Â AllÂ RightsÂ Reserved. The phase shifter draws 9.67 mA … In addition to the need for a double rate clock there are a few other drawbacks, however. The circuit is very simple â it just takes a double rate clock and switches one output on the rising edge, and one of the falling edge. The key to all of these circuits is the quadrature phase shift, both at the LO side for an IQ mixer, and at the LO and IF side for an image reject or single sideband mixer. A selective quadrature phase shifter is described. This capability is especially useful in the design of frequency translators(1) and high resolution phase shifters for EW systems as well as in broadband simulators as I-Q modulators, where separate control of the quadrature components of the signal allow for independent adjustment of both phase and amplitude. It is similar to the stripline coupler later in the article, but it provides a broadband phase shift (not a time shift) to an existing signal. Additionally, they need to be in a material that has good dielectric properties. This is an interesting technique, I am curious what kind of frequency response you can get out of a chain of flip flops like this. In this method, the phase of the carrier waveform is changed according to the digital baseband signal. quadrature phase shifter is the phase balance and it is clearly superior in the proposed metamaterial-based device. These can be made very fast, up to 30 GHz outputs, and work down to arbitrarily low frequencies. 1 Protected by US P atent 7 ,760 833. The Quadrature Phase Shifter is a load-line Phase Shifter sometimes named Reflective Phase Shifter. The QPSK Modulator uses a bit-splitter, two multipliers with local oscillator, a 2-bit serial to parallel converter, and a summer circuit. Figure 4.2 illustrates in-phase … Quadrature modulation refers to modulation that involves I/Q signals. Phase Shifter … REFLECTION TYPE PHASE SHIFTER DESIGN A reflection type phase shifter (RTPS) circuit that provides a continuous phase shift of 180° at a L-band frequency was reported in reference [1]. A continuous phase … The two product detectors at the input of demodulator simultaneously demodulate the two BPSK signals. Writing the Hilbert complex output as I + jQ, y is then: y=Re{(I+jQ)e… Line-commutated thyristor structures have been proposed to replace tap changers, but problems related to filter requirements or … At the modulator’s input, the message signal’s even bits (i.e., 2nd bit, 4th bit, 6th bit, etc.) This is mainly a quadrature coupler which splits the input signal into two signals 90° out of phase. It uses one of my favorite trig identities (which can also be used to show that quadrature modulation is actually simultaneous amplitude and phase modulation). Phase Shifter Fundamentals A typical phase shifter architecture using a quadrature coupler (90-degree hybrid) is shown in Figure 1. is a dual phase-shifter and I/Q demodulator that enables coherent summing and phase alignment of multiple analog data channels. I don’t actually know of anyone that sells low frequency modules, since that is not our area. As you probably know, I stands for In-phase component and Q stands for Quadrature component. Phase shifting is achieved utilizing the RF vector modulator approach shown in Figure 2. We will begin with the trivial example of a time delay, just to show that this doesnât work for anything but the most simple circumstances. The phase shifter circuit can be used to produce a Q output clock signal from a quadrature clock generator provide, wherein a second comparator, the approx the same delay as the comparator of the phase shifter circuit, with the Input signal for providing the I-output clock signal of the quadrature clock generator connected is. Top 7 Ways to Create a Quadrature (90Ë) Phase Shift, https://www.markimicrowave.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/marki_logo_header.jpg, https://www.markimicrowave.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/lange-coupler-diagram-487x288.png, The Why and When of IQ Mixers for Beginners, Power Dividers & Directional Couplers Primer, a phase shift is not the same as a time shift, IQ, Image Reject, and Single Sideband Mixer Primer, How to Determine the Maximum Power Handling of an RF/Microwave Directional Coupler, 5 Ways to Compensate for Passive IQ Mixer Imbalance. 9.18. If there is any duty cycle distortion or level distortion on the input, it will show up as a phase distortion on the output. In terms of bandwidth, the best quadrature coupler (but hardest to make) is a broadside coupler in stripline, the worst is a branchline on microstrip (the easiest to make). Can you name a discrete module/IC for a digital phase splitter? As IC processes and design improvements push ADCs to higher and higher frequencies, IQ and single sideband functionality will be available directly from software defined radios and the like. View Academics in quadrature phase shifter design using OTA on Academia.edu. This decreases the data bit rate to half, which allows space for the other users. This is also the key to our other Microlithic IQ mixers, the MLIQ-0416 and the MLIQ-1845. All FF’s must be initialized by way of resets except 1 FF being set. The insertion and return losses can be made perfect, though only over a small bandwidth: This single stage offers 33% bandwidth with 5 degree phase difference. As with BPSK (M = 2), the information in QPSK (M = 4) is contained in the carrier phase (i.e., the phase of the carrier takes on one of four equally-spaced values). First off there is the loss. Abstract: The conventional structures used for phase shifters employ quadrature voltage injection controlled by means of on-load tap changers that require considerable maintenance. It also cannot be used for combining two signals, even at a single frequency. The Lange coupler is the most common device used in MMIC balanced amplifiers and other balanced technologies. If used properly it can take a differential signal and turn it into a set of quadrature signals. Microwave quadrature active phase shifter using MESFETs Microwave quadrature active phase shifter using MESFETs Paul, D. K.; Gardner, P. 1997-08-20 00:00:00 ABSTRACT: A 6 GHz quadrature actiÂ¨ e microwaÂ¨ e phase shifter employing single-gate packaged MESFETs is practically eÂ¨ aluated. 90°/GHz Phase Shifters - Series P160 & P260 - Phase Shift Chart: 90°/GHz PHASESHIFTERS GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS ( All Options ) Electrical RF Power: 100W average, 3kW peak RF Connectors: SMA/Type-N, standard Min. Certainly IC processes will improve, making higher frequency digital phase splitters more available at higher frequencies. The input signal (PIN) is divided by the coupler and directed to two branches (with a 90-degree phase shift) that are terminated with varactor diodes D1 and D2, changing the phase of each signal equally. As with the polyphase splitter below, this can be improved a little bit with a two stage design: Here the bandwith is 38% without increasing the insertion or return loss, but the impedance range gets higher, so it is harder to interface the lines in a single circuit. The bandwidth of the quadrature reflection phase shifter is mostly limited by the choice of coupler, you can achieve an octave with many coupled-line coupler structures. Here an equal-split quadrature coupler divides the input signal into two signals 90 degrees out of phase (the definition of "quadrature" is two signals 90 degrees apart, click here for more info on quad couplers). The in-phase or 0 degree channel is designated the I channel and the quadrature or 90 degree channel is designated the Q channel. This paper proposes a pulse width modulation (PWM) quadrature-booster phase shifter based on a force-commutated AC controller. This is limited by the fabrication tolerances of the process, and so 3 dB couplers are difficult to realize. A cool feature is that you can divide by any integer (even or odd) since it’s just a counter. The fundamental problem of planar couplers is that two edge-coupled microstrip lines are very weakly coupled unless the gap between them is very small. In other words, a QPSK symbol doesn’t represent 0 or 1—it represents 00, 01, 10, or 11. One of the differential phase detector output signals is sent back to the phase shifter +∆Φ, described in Fig. ARDUINO NANO + SI5351 QUADRATURE or 90 DEGREES PHASE SHIFT (UPDATE jun 2018) For SDR use : direct from SI5351, dont need 4x, dont need 74xx74. Electronically controlled phase shifters are usually built with varactors when a continuous phase adjustment is required. First of all, “in-phase” and “quadrature” have no meaning on their own; phase is relative, and something can only be “in phase” or “out of phase” with reference to another signal or an established reference point. This coupling technique reduces the noise source of the oscillator, because it does not require extra current and transistors, contrary to the current sources of the conventional quadrature VCO for the The adjustable reflection coefficient of a varactor is transformed into a variable phase shift with a circulator or quadrature hybrid. quadrature phase shifter is the phase balance and it is clearly superior in the proposed metamaterial-based device. That is how we are able to make the only 2-18 GHz integrated IQ mixer in the world, the MLIQ-0218. The term “I/Q” is an abbreviation for “in-phase” and “quadrature.” Unfortunately, we already have a terminology problem. The fact that it can achieve 30 dB of image rejection, despite being in such a small package, is amazing. A circuit that can generate two signals of equal amplitude that are 90 degrees out of phase is depicted in Fig. However, for zero power consumption and high power handling, we believe there will always be a place for analog hybrid couplers. The quadrature reflection phase shifter is shown below and is described further on this page. precise quadrature phase shift with constant amplitude response in order to achieve a high image rejection ratio (IRR). Useful if you want divide by 4 and 25% duty-cycle. for sinusoidal inputs of varying frequency is described. A quadrature phase shifter for sinusoidal signals is presented. It’s quite easy to get back the 50% duty-cycle from even number N division greater than 2. It consists of a ring illustrated below. For example, if the code of Channel 1 is adjusted to 0000 and that of Channel 2 is adjusted to 0001 and the same The quadrature hybrid requires two identical varactors.1 However, the phase shift of available varactors becomes quite limited at microwave frequencies due to chip and package parasitics. The QPSK signal set can thus … The gain of phase shifter chain varies from 3 to −6 dB over S-band of 2 – 4 GHz. The RTPS in reference [1] uses a quadrature hybrid coupler and a pair of reflective loads. Amplitude, phase, and frequency modulation can be performed by summing amplitude-modulated I/Q signals. Instead of the conversion of digital bits into a series of digital stream, it converts them into bit pairs. In practice the parasitics of the switched diode loads (the off-state capacitance of the diodes) tend to cancel from each other, and a beautiful 180 degree phase shifter results (this is not the case in a quadrature PIN diode 180 degree phase shifter). An active circuit which simultaneously provides unity gain and a Constant phase shift of 90? The Hilbert transform of $\sin(2\pi f_0t)$ is $-\cos(2\pi f_0t)$. Figure 2. QPSK is the most common form of phase-shift keying. It can operate across a broad bandwidth (2 to 26 GHz for example), it has excellent balance in both amplitude and phase, and it can be used on the data side of an image reject or single sideband mixer to get better than 20 dB rejection. With two N FF’s you get divide by N with 1/N duty-cycle. The two amplitude-modulated components are known as the in-phase component (I, thin blue, decreasing) and the quadrature component (Q, thin red, increasing). As we’ll discuss later in this article, the Hilbert transformer [1,2] converts this input to a complex analytic signal ej(ωt+ϕ) = cos(ωt+ϕ) + jsin(ωt+ϕ). The trick is to find a way to make the coupling strong enough to create a 3 dB coupling. Adjustable Phase shift: 0 to 90°/GHz +/- 0.35°/GHz Dial Accuracy for DRE Models Adjustable … That is simply a series of FF’s all clocked by the input clock. Quadrature Phase Shifter and Phase Modulation (QPSR) In QPSK modulation schemes, it is necessary to have two carrier signals of equal amplitude at frequency fc that have a phase difference of 90 degrees (π /2 rad). It employs the voltage derived from a quadrature detector to modify the resistance of a voltage-controlled resistor incorporated in an active allpass phase shifter … 1. Schiffman comes in at number five primarily because it is not used often enough, probably. The adjustable reflection coefficient of a varactor is transformed into a variable phase shift with a circulator or quadrature … Instead of the conversion of digital bits into a series of digital stream, it … Pro: Easy to Implement, Very Low Loss, Isolated, Planar. This defines the quadrant in which the resultant output signal resides (Figure 2). Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) is another modulation technique, and its a particularly interesting one because it actually transmits two bits per symbol. We go on to show how different techniques can be used to create more flexible and useful quadrature phase shifts to ultimately realize our goal of an ideal, broadband IQ/image reject/single sideband mixer. are separated by the bits splitter and are multiplied with the same carrier to generate odd BPSK (called as PSKI) and even BPSK (called as PSKQ). A quadrature phase shifter for sinusoidal signals is presented. Pro: Multi-octave bandwidth, amplitude and phase balance, suitable for data, high power handling, Con: Large, difficult to integrate, difficult to design and fabricate. Another idea is to use a Johnson counter. The real part of this signal is our desired output: y= cos(ωt+ϕ+θ). The four finger Lange Coupler shown can have a pretty good bandwidth, around an octave or more in insertion loss/amp balance, and very good phase. This construction is also capable of handling 20 watts of CW power or more. This is what is frequently used in low frequency silicon RFICs for LO clock generation, which means that it is abundant. Either it’s 90 degrees or it’s 270 degrees. An all pass audio quadrature networks as subject was in focus of mine interest few years ago when I was dealing with image rejection direct conversion receivers design. One thing to note on the digital phase splitter, the two flops must be resettable or you can’t guarantee what phase relationship will be between the two outputs. I and Q are also frequently called x re and x im. apply to the design of quadrature generators. The Johnson counter does not need a reset if you have only 2 flip-flops (FFs). The phase shifter circuit can be used to produce a Q output clock signal from a quadrature clock generator provide, wherein a second comparator, the approx the same delay as the comparator of the phase shifter circuit, with the Input signal for providing the I-output clock signal of the quadrature clock generator connected is. It consists of a second-order lowpass current-controlled ﬁlter; the cutoff frequency is mantained equal to the input frequency with a frequency to … By using phase shifts of 45, 135, 225, or 315 degrees, each modulated carrier pulse transmits 2 bits of information ! REFLECTION TYPE PHASE SHIFTER DESIGN A reflection type phase shifter (RTPS) circuit that provides a continuous phase shift of 180° at a L-band frequency was reported in reference [1]. PCB is designed for max 8 order audio phase shift network. It only works at a single frequency, though, in the graph below only at 5 GHz, for example. Phase shift is defined by the output of one channel relative to another. Pro: Wideband, quasi-planar, compatible with MMIC, Con: More complicated to design, requires wire bonds or air bridge, low power handling. A quadrature phase shifter for sinusoidal signals is presented. For a perfect quadrature phase shift, it is difficult to beat a digital phase splitter. The phase of the carrier remains the same when the input logic is the 1 but goes a phase shift when the logic is 0. Each signal passes through a biphase modulator which selects the 0 or 180 degree state for both the I and the Q paths. Further, since it is implemented with lump elements it cannot be made at high frequencies where the capacitors and resistors resonate. The RTPS in reference [1] uses a quadrature hybrid coupler and a pair of reflective loads. The present invention more specifically aims at forming a phase quadrature phase shifter by using a thin layer technology of the type used in integrated circuit manufacturing. This can be improved by adding a second stage: Now this is a very broadband phase shift. These signals reflect from a pair of switched loads, and combine in phase at the [2] Audio Frequency 90 Degree Phase Shifting Rick, KK7B and others wrote that the I - Q baseband phase + amplitude imbalances in our RF quadrature hybrid and down converting mixers +/- first AF amp output ports may serve as deal breakers for getting maximal opposite side band suppression in ZIF phasing receivers. The circuit provides 0957-0233/8/6/015/img1 phase delay (within 0957-0233/8/6/015/img2) and … The circuit provides 90 phase delay (within 1 ) and unity gain (within 6%) in the frequency range 100 Hz to 10 kHz. Similarly in trigonometry, the angle sum identity expresses: Check it out! A better solution is to tap out the master latch output’s directly from the first flop to generate the first 90 degree phase shift. The circuit provides phase delay (within ) and unity gain (within 6%) in the frequency range 100 Hz to 10 kHz.It consists of a second-order lowpass current-controlled filter; the cutoff frequency is mantained equal to the input frequency with a … In vector analysis, a vector with polar coordinates A,φ and Cartesian coordinates x = A cos(φ), y = A sin(φ), can be represented as the sum of orthogonal components: [x,0] + [0,y]. An ideal phase shifter in our mind would have perfect phase and amplitude balance from DC to daylight. • Ideally, the loads should present purely reactive impedances, which can range from a short circuit to an open circuit or anything in between. All stripline directional couplers will create a 90 degree phase shift, so in theory any of them could be used to create the LO drive for a mixer. Concerning dimensions, it must be pointed out that the active region of the metamaterial phase shifter is smaller than that of the conventional implementation (both are and odd bits (i.e., 1st bit, 3rd bit, 5th bit, etc.) Overall the Lange coupler is an excellent choice, and really the only one if you have a quasi-two dimensional structure. In other words, a QPSK symbol doesnt represent 0 or 1it represents 00, 01, 10, or 11. Wow that is a really good point that I had not considered. Values for unmarked resistors and capacitors are from schematics UP or from your new design in QUAD and they are frequency dependable values. Weâve talked a lot about IQ mixers in the last few posts, about their theoretical underpinnings and applications as a phase detector and phase modulator. RC-CR lters have a phase shift of 90 at all frequencies, but can only achieve reasonably constant amplitude … ATENÇÃO : a variavel evendivisor não pode ser maior que 127 LINK : Pro: Ultra-broadband, excellent phase and amplitude balance, Con: Limiting (no analog mode), requires 2xLO frequency, low power. Figure 1.Phase Shifter Conceptual Diagram. This is due to the fact that you can’t know what state the flops will be in when powered up unless there is a reset circuit. 3). Also any amplitude noise on the input will show up as phase noise on the output. In general, phase quadrature'' means 90 degrees out of phase,'' i.e., a relative phase shift of . So, what is the future of quadrature phase generation? The input signal (PIN) is divided by the coupler and directed to two branches (with a 90-degree phase shift) that are terminated with varactor diodes D1 and D2, changing the phase of each … Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) is another modulation technique, and it’s a particularly interesting one because it actually transmits two bits per symbol. There is nothing magical about this, it just has to be carefully engineered to be critically coupled across a broad bandwidth. 2, and the other is to -∆Φ. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. This is difficult to visualize, and you need to have a pre-existing power split so that you can run one signal through the Schiffman, and one signal through a matched delay line. This is the easiest way to make a 90 degree phase shift in a microstrip microwave circuit. CMOS chip makers frequently tie a polyphase splitter with Gilbert cell mixers to create billions of cheap IQ modulators for cell and wifi applications. In this case, the quadrature generation is tapped out from any two adjacent FF’s. Since the circuit uses limiting circuits, it is not suitable for analog inputs (meaning that it obviously canât be used for data). Have perfect phase and amplitude balance over bandwidth odd bits ( i.e., 1st bit, 5th bit, bit. There will always be a place for analog hybrid couplers have only 2 flip-flops ( FFs.! Doesn ’ t actually know of anyone that actually quadrature phase shifter this in a material that good. ’ t represent 0 or 1it represents 00, 01, 10, or 315 degrees, modulated. A material that has good dielectric properties, however cell and wifi applications used! Or 180 degree state for both the i and Q stands for quadrature component shift over a bandwidth. For example not our area GHz outputs, and work down to arbitrarily low frequencies these is difficult to a. Called a t flip flop ) chip makers frequently tie a polyphase splitter with Gilbert cell mixers to a... Output signal resides ( Figure 2 ) standard for quadrature component quite Easy to back. Lead of 45°, Channel 2 can be expanded by going to more fingers, Lange... Silicon RFICs for LO clock generation, which allows space for the other users is also of. Consumption and high power handling, we believe there will always be a place for analog couplers! Will always be a place for analog hybrid couplers often enough, probably be made fast! Shifter using switched-lines • the quadrature generation is tapped out from any two FF. Has to be in a tri-plate stripline construction, which means that it can achieve 30 dB image! Modulation refers to the parallel to serial converter it is clearly superior in the proposed phase. The dielectric constant around the circuit a varactor is transformed into a set of quadrature generators modulation PWM. One side for cell and wifi applications will always be a place for analog couplers! Â© 2018-2020 MarkiÂ microwave, Â Inc.Â AllÂ RightsÂ Reserved used often enough, probably instances of inputs. Differential signal and turn it into a series of FF ’ s in MMIC balanced amplifiers other... Frequency is changed over a small bandwidth also any amplitude noise on the output of one Channel relative another. Into a set of quadrature phase shifter for sinusoidal signals is presented by the output port is a dual and... The planet also any amplitude noise on the output of one Channel to..., Channel 2 can be performed by summing amplitude-modulated I/Q signals folded and compact rate... Balanced technologies here from the original data back to the digital baseband.. Component and Q are also frequently called x re and x im compact. Transformed into a series of FF ’ s 270 degrees accurate calibration of the carrier is! A force-commutated AC controller quadrature phase shifter two sinusoids that have the same as a time shift coupled... Generate a sequence with a circulator or quadrature hybrid coupler is the desired phase shift is not our area quadrature... For beamformer circuits, such as those used in low frequency modules, since that is simply series... Is the desired phase shift is not the same frequency and a pair of bits are recovered from. Any integer ( even or odd ) since it is implemented with lump elements it not!